Sickle cell anemia is a disease that result from a genetic mutation in the beta globin chain of hemoglobin. This mutation causes a conformational change in the protein structure by substituting a valine for a glutamic acid, the hemoglobin clumps to resist water exposure, and the cell to sickles. Which of the follow is most likely to be true regarding valine vs glutamic acid? (QID 240083)

A. glutamic acid is hydrophobic and causes the hemoglobin to interact with water
B. valine is hydrophobic and causes the hemoglobin to shun the water
C. glutamic acid is hydrophilic and causes the hemoglobin to avoid water
D. valine is hydrophilic and causes hemoglobin to interact with water

Genetic analysis of the COVID 19 genome has led to the development of a vaccine. Much like HIV, the Corona Virus has an RNA genome and is encapsulated in a protein capsule. Which of the following is true regarding RNA? (QID 292213)

A. RNA is translated in proteins that are required to make additional viruses.
B. RNA is only located in the nucleus of virus, no where else within other organisms.
C. RNA is transcribed into proteins within the animal host cell.
D. RNA is always double stranded in eukaryotic cells but not virus.

Proper blood flow through the circular system is contingent on maintaining the correct pressure differentials. Under normal circumstances, which of the following is true regarding pressure in the cardiovascular system. (Note: Pressure is Force per unit Area) (QID 272943)

A. high pressure in the pulmonary circulation will result in a high pressure in
the right ventricle.
B. Low pressure in the pulmonary circulation will result in a high pressure in
the right ventricle.
C. high pressure in the portal venous system will result in great blood flow
from the gastrointestinal tract.
D. low pressure in the portal venous system will result in less blood flow
from the gastrointestinal system.

A female of child-bearing age presents to the clinic with dysuria (painful urination) and hematuria (blood in the urine). An initial diagnosis of urethritis and cystitis (infection of the urethra and bladder) was made. If the infection progresses along the anatomical pathway, which of the following is most likely true? (QID 292573)

A. The patient’s infection will progress through the seminal vesicles and ductus
deference before reaching the renal medulla.
B. Since the infection involves the detrusor muscle, the patient infection will progress
direct up through the cervix and then into the renal cortex.
C. This infection has progressed through the external and internal urethra and will
now progress through the ureteric orifices and then to the renal pelvis.
D. With the membranous urethra being infected, the infection will progress directly
to the fallopian tube and into renal artery then the blood stream leading to sepsis.

If you were recommending a prescription for your pregnant patient who has been vomiting and cannot swallow anything with no history of migraines and desires not to be treated in the hospital with intravenous medication, which medication would you prescribe? (QID 392083)

A. esomeprazole
B. pantoprazole
C. lansoprazole
D. ranitidine